{"id":14220,"date":"2015-08-03T22:42:02","date_gmt":"2015-08-03T21:42:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/?p=4063"},"modified":"2015-08-03T22:42:02","modified_gmt":"2015-08-03T21:42:02","slug":"perdorimi-i-pesticideve-dhe-biodiversiteti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/perdorimi-i-pesticideve-dhe-biodiversiteti\/","title":{"rendered":"PERDORIMI I PESTICIDEVE DHE BIODIVERSITETI"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\" Dr. Zef Mulaj<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Mbi biodiversitetin nj\u00eb efekt negativ b\u00ebj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i pesticideve dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi t\u00eb produkteve kimike p\u00ebr bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb<\/em>).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrdorimi i agrokimikateve ka ndryshuar ekosistemet, relativisht faunes dhe bim\u00ebt; Pasojat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme jan\u00eb: ulja e ndryshueshm\u00ebris\u00eb gjenetike t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb gjalla, proceset e eutrofikimit t\u00eb uj\u00ebrave t\u00eb \u00ebmbla dhe t\u00eb specieve detare, ndryshimet kimike- fizike dhe biologjike t\u00eb tok\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Studimet mbi p\u00ebrhapjen, transformim, dhe akumulimi n\u00eb indet e bim\u00ebve dhe kafsh\u00ebve t\u00eb kimikateve t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb proceset bujq\u00ebsore, duke theksuar aspektet m\u00eb komplekse duke shkaktuar ndryshime mbi strukturat dhe funksionet e ekosistemeve. Gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb jan\u00eb d\u00ebme t\u00eb dukshme p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin dhe mjedisin q\u00eb rrjedhin nga “Kimicizimi” bujq\u00ebsor\u00eb i tepruar dhe n\u00eb rritje, si n\u00eb aspektin e grumbullimit t\u00eb toksinave dhe kancerogjeneve n\u00eb indet yndyrore t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve dhe kafsh\u00ebve, nga helmimet i toksore e n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore dhe uj\u00ebrave sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore, etj
\nR\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebme jan\u00eb d\u00ebmtimet mjedisore i shkaktuar nga plehrat kimike q\u00eb jan\u00eb shtuar n\u00eb tok\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur apo p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur produktivitetin e kulturave bujqesore. Pleherimi kimik i lart\u00eb modifikoj\u00eb thelllsisht ciklet e elementeve (karbonit, azotit, fosforit, etj) q\u00eb jan\u00eb mekanizmat delikate p\u00ebr ruajtjen e ekuilibrave biologjike dhe kimike-fizike n\u00eb nj\u00eb ekosistem, dhe nd\u00ebrmjet ekosistemeve t\u00eb biosfer\u00ebs. Tejkalimi i plehrave minerale favorizon nj\u00eb metabolizimin t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb l\u00ebnd\u00ebs organike t\u00eb pranish\u00ebm n\u00eb tok\u00eb nga bakteret.<\/p>\n

Fenomeni \u00ebsht\u00eb i lidhur me perpunimin e thell\u00eb \u00eb drith\u00ebrave q\u00eb d\u00ebshtojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rivendosur p\u00ebrmbajtjen e substancave organike natyrore . N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb toka \u00ebsht\u00eb varf\u00ebruar nga materialet organik. Materiali organik, i cili n\u00eb metodat e p\u00ebrpunimit bujq\u00ebsor mbetet m\u00eb pak intensive n\u00eb terren, \u00ebsht\u00eb dekompozuar nga mikroorganizmat e tok\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb konvertimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb kompleks t\u00eb komponimeve organike (humusit) thelb\u00ebsore p\u00ebr tok\u00eb, sepse ato kontrollojn\u00eb mbajtjen dhe l\u00ebvizjen e ujit dhe oksigjenin q\u00eb permbajn strukturat e tok\u00ebs vet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nga materiali organik, pra, ajo formon nj\u00eb baz\u00eb kimike – mikrobiologjike komplekse, ku p\u00ebrmes dinamik\u00ebs t\u00eb metabolizimit t\u00eb materialit vet\u00eb, b\u00ebhen ushqyese n\u00eb dispozicion t\u00eb bim\u00ebve. N\u00eb fakt, microoganizmat mineralizojn substancat organike me prodhimin e nitrateve, fosfateve, krip\u00ebra kaliumi dhe sulfateve. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb kompleksitetit t\u00eb mekanizmave q\u00eb prodhojn\u00eb at\u00eb, l\u00ebnd\u00eb ushqyese kompleksi mineral \u00ebsht\u00eb l\u00ebshuar gradualisht sipas k\u00ebrkesave natyrore t\u00eb bim\u00ebve.
\nN\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, kur p\u00ebrmbajtja substanca organike \u00ebsht\u00eb i ul\u00ebt, fekondimi mineral kryhet detyrimisht nga k\u00ebrkesat t\u00eb medha fiziologjike t\u00eb bim\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb kapacitetit t\u00eb mbajtjes s\u00eb tok\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e konsiderueshme e produktit \u00ebsht\u00eb l\u00ebshuar n\u00eb shtresat e tretsh\u00ebm n\u00eb tok\u00eb dhe uj\u00eb, ku ato grumbullohen s\u00eb bashku me papast\u00ebrtit\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira n\u00eb plehra (p.sh. metalet e r\u00ebnda).
\nDisa prej k\u00ebtyre substancave, t\u00eb tilla si nitrateve dhe kaliumit, gjithashtu mund t\u00eb marren p\u00ebr kullimin n\u00eb uj\u00ebrat n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore dhe m\u00eb pas t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb uj\u00ebrat sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore (kullimi \u00ebsht\u00eb proces me t\u00eb cilin ajo ka migrimin e komponimeve kimike nga shtresat e sip\u00ebrme n\u00eb shtresat e tok\u00ebs t\u00eb ul\u00ebt) . T\u00eb fosfateve, megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi jan\u00eb t\u00eb pazgjidhsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb q\u00ebndroj\u00eb n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore t\u00eb tok\u00ebs, vet\u00ebm n\u00eb rastin e ngjizje intensive dhe kushtet e ve\u00e7anta klimatike t\u00eb tok\u00ebs (pH t\u00eb ul\u00ebt) mund t\u00eb shkrihen. Ndotja e uj\u00ebrave n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore shkakton rreziqe serioze p\u00ebr cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e ujit t\u00eb pijsh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe p\u00ebrmbajtje t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb azotit n\u00eb tok\u00eb mund t\u00eb rezultoj\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrimit t\u00eb tep\u00ebrt t\u00eb nitrateve n\u00eb perimet, dhe gjithashtu rreziqet e mundshme p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin e konsumatorit.<\/p>\n

Mundsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb mbeturinave organike n\u00eb prodhimtarin\u00eb blegtorale per te ritur pjellorin\u00eb e tok\u00ebs, por teknologjia e re intensive, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb sistemet e pastrimit t\u00eb ujit dhe p\u00ebrdorimin e ilaqeve , duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb ato t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorshme. Hollimi i fort\u00eb i mbeturinave, dhe prania n\u00eb to e antibiotik\u00ebve dhe metalet e r\u00ebnda, rritin shpenzimet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb magazinimit dhe transportit dhe rrezikun e ndotjes nga substanca toksike. Fermat e derrave, p\u00ebr shembull, hedhin n\u00eb tok\u00eb, sasi t\u00eb konsiderueshme t\u00eb bakrit e cila p\u00ebrmbahet n\u00eb ushqim, si promotor t\u00eb rritjes. Metale t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb r\u00ebnda mund t\u00eb shkarkohen n\u00eb tok\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjt plehrave. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto substanca,mep\u00ebrqendrime t\u00eb caktuara, mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme p\u00ebr kultureat dhe paraqesin rreziqe t\u00eb toksicitetit p\u00ebr konsumatorin. N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet fosfateve minerale dhe llumit t\u00eb impianteve t\u00eb trajtimit t\u00eb uj\u00ebrave t\u00eb zeza t\u00eb uj\u00ebrave t\u00eb zeza urbane, p\u00ebr shembull, mund t\u00eb hyj\u00eb kadmium n\u00eb tok\u00eb, metal konsiderohet kancerogjene.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr sa i perket pesticideve, teknik\u00ebt dhe ekonomist\u00eb bien dakord per r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre n\u00eb mbrojtjen e t\u00eb lashtave; kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb duke mbrojtur t\u00eb ardhurat e fermerit dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye p\u00ebrmbajtjen \u00e7mimet e konsumit.
\nI r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, megjithat\u00eb, jan\u00eb efektet q\u00eb k\u00ebto komponime agrochemikale luajn n\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimin e mjedisit. Pesticidet shkaktojn\u00eb efekte mbi struktur\u00ebn dhe funksionet e ekosistemeve duke ulur popullsin\u00eb e nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb llojeve; ndryshojn\u00eb sjelljen normale t\u00eb kafsh\u00ebve, t\u00eb stimuloj\u00eb ose pengojn\u00eb rritjen e kafsh\u00ebve dhe bim\u00ebve, t\u00eb rritur apo ulin performanc\u00ebn riprodhuese t\u00eb kafsh\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Ndersa \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimet ekonomike n\u00eb produktivitetin dhe “tregtueshm\u00ebri” t\u00eb produkteve \u00ebsht e madhe , por nga ana tjet\u00ebr ka shum\u00eb vepra shkencore q\u00eb theksojn\u00eb efektet e d\u00ebmshme q\u00eb pesticidet dhe plehrat kimike kan\u00eb \u00e7uar mjedisin.
\nMe p\u00ebrdorimin e varieteteve hibride, p\u00ebr shembull, ajo ka rritur n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebrdorimin e pesticideve dhe, rrjedhimisht, nivelin e ndotjes s\u00eb mjedisit dhe ndotjen e njeriut n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet zinxhirit ushqimor. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimi i pesticideve ka shkaktuar mekanizmin m\u00eb tej serioze: at\u00eb t\u00eb rezistenc\u00ebs insekteve ndaj agjent\u00ebve toksik\u00eb (ngjarje, ne dim\u00eb kjo \u00e7on p\u00ebr n\u00eb rritjen e produkteve t\u00eb reja n\u00eb treg duke rritur fitimet e industrive ).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb pesticidet kan\u00eb goditur edhe insektet e nevojshme p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit; zhdukja e atyre q\u00eb ushqenin larvat mushkonj\u00eb shkaktoi rilindjen e malaries, e cila u rishfaq n\u00eb popullatat q\u00eb Organizata Bot\u00ebrore e Sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb ka deklaruar tashm\u00eb jasht\u00eb rrezikut.
\nP\u00ebrdorimi i pesticideve shkakton ndryshime n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e popujve t\u00eb niveleve trofike t\u00eb zinxhirit ushqimor.
\nKy shqet\u00ebsim \u00ebsht\u00eb shpesh trondit\u00ebse p\u00ebr stabilitetin e ekosistemeve. Shum\u00eb grabitqar\u00ebt natyrore t\u00eb d\u00ebmtuesve kulture jan\u00eb zhdukur p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb trajtimeve t\u00eb pesticideve. N\u00eb prodhimin e k\u00ebtyre efekteve negative kontribuojn\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm insekticidet, por edhe disa fungicides.<\/p>\n

Ndikimi i pesticideve n\u00eb mjedis p\u00ebrcaktohet jo vet\u00ebm nga sasia t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura por dhe numri i trajtimeve, m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn dhe koh\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ata do t\u00eb degradoj\u00eb pas aplikimit. T\u00eb vler\u00ebsoj\u00eb kostot sociale dhe mjedisore p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb agrokimikes \u00ebsht\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb: s\u00eb shumti \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj sasin\u00eb d\u00ebmtimin e flor\u00ebs dhe faun\u00ebs t\u00eb natyres (por \u00ebsht\u00eb relativisht e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim cil\u00ebsor t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb mjedisit).
\nDuket se shkaku kryesor i kostove n\u00eb rritje q\u00ebndron n\u00eb rritjen e kapacitetit t\u00eb rezistenc\u00ebs d\u00ebmtuese ndaj pesticideve. Kjo rezulton n\u00eb nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb dozave t\u00eb administruara dhe hartimin e pesticideve t\u00eb reja.<\/p>\n

Ne duhet pastaj t\u00eb konsiderojn\u00eb kostot p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rasteve t\u00eb helmimit akut dhe atyre kronike patologjike t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve. Shpenzimet p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb defekteve t\u00eb lindjes (p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb efektit t\u00eb shumta pesticideve mutagjene) n\u00eb fushat e bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb intensive.<\/p>\n

Kushton se qeverit\u00eb duhet t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin p\u00ebr veprimet e monitorimit rregullator t\u00eb mjedisit dhe trajnimin e fermer\u00ebve. Shpenzimet p\u00ebr d\u00ebmet e shkaktuara nga pllenimin e reduktuar shkaktuar t\u00eb kolonive t\u00eb blet\u00ebve. Shpenzimet p\u00ebr komponent\u00ebt e ekosistemeve natyrore. Efektet e insekticideve n\u00eb jovertebrore, k\u00ebrpudhave, baktereve dhe mikroorganizmave t\u00eb tok\u00ebs jan\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme p\u00ebr bilancet biologjike p\u00ebr shkak se k\u00ebto sisteme t\u00eb gjalla transformohen, nga metabolizimi i mbeturina organike. Gjithashtu ndryshimi habitatit shkaktuar nga pesticidet \u00e7ekulibroj qasje normale n\u00eb burimet ushqimore nga kafsh\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Burimet ujore jan\u00eb t\u00eb perkura ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht nga prania e pesticideve. P\u00ebrqendrimet e larta t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre substancave shkaktojn\u00eb vrasjen e peshkut, nd\u00ebrsa doza m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta mund t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrroj\u00eb alergji, si dhe organizmat tjer\u00eb t\u00eb gjall\u00eb, t\u00eb tilla si insektet dhe jovertebrore, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb ushqim p\u00ebr peshqit vet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Edhe zogjt\u00eb dhe gjitar\u00ebt vuajn\u00eb efektet e d\u00ebmshme t\u00eb pesticideve, edhe pse \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet vdekshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e specieve kryesore t\u00eb shkaktuara nga komponimet e ndryshme kimike.
\nN\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se do t\u00eb shtoni koston e ferm\u00ebs p\u00ebr blerjen dhe p\u00ebrdorimin e pesticideve, kostot sociale dhe mjedisore t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruara, do jen shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larta.
\nPasojat e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb komponimeve kimike n\u00eb bujq\u00ebsi, ndryshojn\u00eb n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb rruges t\u00eb kontaktit apo marrjes s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre produkteve nga njeriu, si n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb vet\u00eb komponent\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb pari ka rreziqe nga ekspozimet t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve n\u00eb industrin kimike t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb komponimeve, jan\u00eb dhe fermeret gjat ekspozimimit ndaj tyre gjat perdorimit n\u00eb agrikulture. S\u00eb dyti ka rreziqet p\u00ebr konsumatorin, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet zinxhirit ushqimor, mund t\u00eb marrin k\u00ebto kimikate nga ushqimet bimore dhe kafsh\u00ebve . Njeriu asimilon pesticide jo vet\u00ebm n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet ushqimit dhe ujit, por edhe p\u00ebrmes rrug\u00ebve t\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrjes dhe n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet l\u00ebkur\u00ebs. Specjet njerzore, pra, p\u00ebrmbajn pak a shum pesticide ln\u00eb indetdhjamore. Studimet epidemiologjike rigoroze mund t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb d\u00ebshmi t\u00eb efektit kancerogjene, p\u00ebr speciet njer\u00ebzore, nga kimikate t\u00eb caktuara.
\nPrandaj mesatare e eksposimit t\u00eb Konsumatorve \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik nga pesticidet. K\u00ebto produkte jan\u00eb gjetur n\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha ushqimet, jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fruta dhe perime, por edhe n\u00eb mish, produktet e qum\u00ebshtit, n\u00eb sheqer, kafe, vajra, n\u00eb ushqime t\u00eb thata dhe shum\u00eb produkte t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuara.<\/p>\n

Rreziqet p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin e njeriut shkaktohen nga plehrat, i atribuohen kryesisht n\u00eb komponimet e azotit (n\u00eb mesin e tyre kryesisht n\u00eb nitratet) jan\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb p\u00ebrballohen nga ana e konsumator\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Tashm\u00eb n\u00eb vitet ’60 bota shkencore i kishte denoncuar rreziqet q\u00eb presioni i pakontrolluar ekonomik dhe rritja e konsumit t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb vendet e zhvilluara, ishin p\u00ebrcaktues n\u00eb burimet mjedisore p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ndotjes s\u00eb ajrit, eutrofikimit t\u00eb uj\u00ebrave, t\u00eb ‘erozioni i tok\u00ebs, zhdukja e llojeve bimore dhe shtazore. Por k\u00ebto ankesa nuk gjeti p\u00ebrgjigje adekuate nga pushteti politik.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Zef Mulaj (Mbi biodiversitetin nj\u00eb efekt negativ b\u00ebj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i pesticideve dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi t\u00eb produkteve kimike p\u00ebr bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb). P\u00ebrdorimi i agrokimikateve ka ndryshuar ekosistemet, relativisht faunes dhe bim\u00ebt; Pasojat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme jan\u00eb: ulja e ndryshueshm\u00ebris\u00eb gjenetike t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb gjalla, proceset e eutrofikimit t\u00eb uj\u00ebrave t\u00eb \u00ebmbla dhe t\u00eb specieve detare, ndryshimet […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nPERDORIMI I PESTICIDEVE DHE BIODIVERSITETI - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/perdorimi-i-pesticideve-dhe-biodiversiteti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sq_AL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PERDORIMI I PESTICIDEVE DHE BIODIVERSITETI - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Zef Mulaj (Mbi biodiversitetin nj\u00eb efekt negativ b\u00ebj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i pesticideve dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi t\u00eb produkteve kimike p\u00ebr bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb). 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