{"id":12845,"date":"2013-06-16T13:46:11","date_gmt":"2013-06-16T12:46:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=3147"},"modified":"2013-06-16T13:46:11","modified_gmt":"2013-06-16T12:46:11","slug":"gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/","title":{"rendered":"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT"},"content":{"rendered":"

Saimir Lolja<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shkrimi i m\u00ebposht\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb nga libri i shkruar nga Profesor Luigji Luka Kavalli-Sforca, i titulluar: Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples and Languages, North Point Press, New York, 2000. Profesor Luigji \u00ebsht\u00eb i lindur n\u00eb Gjenov\u00eb m\u00eb 1922 dhe ka qen\u00eb professor n\u00eb Kembrixh, Parma, Pavia dhe tani \u00ebsht\u00eb Profesor i Merituar i Gjenetik\u00ebs n\u00eb Universitetin fam\u00ebmadh t\u00eb Stanfordit, Kaliforni. Profesor Luigji ishte nd\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb shtroi pyetjen n\u00ebse gjenet e popujve bashk\u00ebkohor\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb regjistrin historik t\u00eb qenjes njer\u00ebzore.<\/p>\n

Ai dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb iu jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjur k\u00ebsaj pyetjeje, t\u00eb parashikuar nga Darvini, me nj\u00eb Po t\u00eb fort\u00eb. Libri i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim i nj\u00eb pune shkencore dhjetravje\u00e7are t\u00eb tij dhe shum\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb me fam\u00eb bot\u00ebrore q\u00eb kan\u00eb patur si q\u00ebllim t\u00eb gjurmoj\u00eb historin\u00eb 100\u2019000 vje\u00e7are t\u00eb zhvillimit njerzor. Ai ngre pyetje t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme shkencore, shoq\u00ebrore dhe politike, t\u00eb tilla si: Kur dhe ku u zhvilluan njer\u00ebzit? Si u perhap\u00ebn shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb njer\u00ebzore n\u00ebp\u00ebr kontinente? Si kan\u00eb ndikuar shpikjet kulturore n\u00eb rritjen dhe p\u00ebrhapjen e popullsive? Cila \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhja midis gjeneve dhe gjuh\u00ebs? N\u00eb lib\u00ebr ai gjithashtu spjegon pse nuk ka baz\u00eb gjenetike ndarja racore, etj.<\/p>\n

Trash\u00ebgimia njer\u00ebzore p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga dy pjes\u00eb: nga trash\u00ebgimia biologjike (gjenet) dhe trash\u00ebgimia kulturore (sjellja). Shum\u00eb tipare si gjat\u00ebsia, syt\u00eb, flok\u00ebt e l\u00ebkura jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara gjenetikisht, por m\u00ebnyra e trash\u00ebgimit \u00ebsht\u00eb pak e kuptuar sepse k\u00ebtu nd\u00ebrthuren edhe faktor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb jo-gjenetik\u00eb si ushqimi, q\u00ebndrimi n\u00eb diell, etj. Me p\u00ebrkufizim, nj\u00eb gjen ose nj\u00ebsia e trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb segment i ADN q\u00eb ka nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim biologjik t\u00eb posa\u00e7\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb njohur (dometh\u00ebn\u00eb q\u00eb prodhon nj\u00eb protein\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb). Po ashtu me p\u00ebrkufizim, nj\u00eb rac\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grup njer\u00ebzish q\u00eb mund t\u00eb njihen si t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm biologjikisht nga t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Studimet gjenetike jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb gj\u00ebra dhe t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara, por n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ka t\u00ebrhequr v\u00ebm\u00ebndjen grupi gjenetik mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) ngaq\u00eb ai ndodhet n\u00eb \u00e7do qeliz\u00eb biologjike. \u00cbsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht ky gjen q\u00eb duke harxhuar p\u00ebrb\u00ebrsit ushqimore kimik\u00eb prodhon energjin\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr rritjen dhe mbar\u00ebmbajtjen e qeliz\u00ebs. Ky fakt u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr t\u00eb kqyrur skeletin e nj\u00eb burri t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb Bronzit t\u00eb zbuluar p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shkrirejs s\u00eb akujve n\u00eb Alpet midis Italis\u00eb dhe Austris\u00eb. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e quajt\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb njeri 5000 vje\u00e7ar Eci (Oetzi) dhe studimet treguan se gjeni mtADN i tij ishte n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb habitshme i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me at\u00eb t\u00eb popullis\u00eb s\u00eb tanishme t\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit rajon. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se ajo popullat\u00eb ka qen\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 5000 vjet\u00ebt e shkuar.<\/p>\n

<\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Po ashtu, llogaritet leht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsia e gjeneve t\u00eb trash\u00ebguara (genome) e nj\u00eb popullate e cila pranon nj\u00eb thithje gjenetike t\u00eb pandryshuar nga fqinj\u00ebt prej 5% p\u00ebr brezni pas tre shekujsh do t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb ruajtur vet\u00ebm 70% t\u00eb gjeneve origjinal\u00eb. Nj\u00eb shembull k\u00ebtu jan\u00eb Afrikano-Amerikan\u00ebt q\u00eb tani kan\u00eb mesatarisht 70% t\u00eb gjeneve t\u00eb tyre origjinale dhe 30% t\u00eb gjeneve t\u00eb t\u00eb bardh\u00ebve. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb rit\u00ebm, Afrikano-Amerikan\u00ebt do t\u00eb ken\u00eb rreth 10% t\u00eb gjeneve t\u00eb tyre origjinale pas 1000 vjet\u00ebsh jetese n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb. N\u00eb lidhje me k\u00ebt\u00eb, numri m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl i njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb mund\u00ebson shmangien e pasojave t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme t\u00eb kryqzimit n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet martes\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb 500 veta. N\u00eb lidhje me kryqzimet, \u00ebsht\u00eb zbuluar nga regjistrat e vjet\u00ebr se larg\u00ebsia mesatare midis vendlindjes s\u00eb burrit dhe gruas ishte 5- 10 km p\u00ebr bujqit Europian\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XIX, por q\u00eb filloi t\u00eb rritet m\u00eb von\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb hekurudhave.<\/p>\n

Natyra n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet p\u00ebrzgjedhjes s\u00eb saj zakonisht ndikon mbi nj\u00eb gjen t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb duke p\u00ebrkrahur forma t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb tij (alleles), t\u00eb cilat andaj p\u00eblqehen m\u00eb shum\u00eb se t\u00eb tjerat n\u00eb ambjente t\u00eb caktuara. K\u00ebshtu bie fjala, njer\u00ebzit me gjak zero jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb prirur t\u00eb ken\u00eb ul\u00e7er gastrodeudonale, e cila si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb zbuluar s\u00eb fundi shkaktohet nga bakteri Helicobacter pylori. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, rast\u00ebsia gjenetike ndikon mbi gjith\u00eb gjenet me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebt ligje t\u00eb mund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb ndodhjes s\u00eb ngjarjes. Midis gjeneve q\u00eb shfaqin ndryshueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe gjeografike jan\u00eb gjenet e vetmbrojtjes (immunoglobulin genes), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt prodhojn\u00eb kundratrupat e nevojsh\u00ebm n\u00eb trupin e njeriut p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar s\u00ebmundjet ngjit\u00ebse.<\/p>\n

Njer\u00ebzit e sot\u00ebm ( Homo sapiens ) mendohet t\u00eb jen\u00eb shfaqur para 500\u2019000 vjet\u00ebsh. Kafka t\u00eb ngjashme me at\u00eb t\u00eb njeriut sot dhe me vjet\u00ebrsi rreth 100\u2019000 ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb vjet jan\u00eb gjetur ne Afrik\u00ebn Jugore dhe Lindore. Nd\u00ebrsa gjuh\u00ebt e njeriut t\u00eb sot\u00ebm mendohet t\u00eb jen\u00eb zhvilluar para 50\u2019000-150\u2019000 vjet\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7eshtja e p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb datave t\u00eb hershme t\u00eb zhvillimit njer\u00ebzor v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsohet prej faktit se metoda e karbonit rrezatiml\u00ebshues 14 C p\u00ebrcakton deri n\u00eb 40\u2019000 vjet. Kjo metod\u00eb llogarit sa thell\u00eb ka shkuar zb\u00ebrthimi i karbonit 14 C, por duke parashikuar q\u00eb p\u00ebrq\u00ebndrimi i 14 C n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb t\u00eb ket\u00eb ngelur i pandryshuar me koh\u00ebn. Me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillimin njer\u00ebzor \u00ebsht\u00eb periudha e quajtur Neolitike q\u00eb nis 10\u2019000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, sepse pranohet se q\u00eb nga at\u00ebhere fillon t\u00eb zhvillohet bujq\u00ebsia dhe p\u00ebrhapja e saj, gj\u00eb q\u00eb solli nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht edhe fillimin e shtimit t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb. P\u00ebrhapja e bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb qe (dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb \u2013 sh\u00ebnimi im) nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrthurje e p\u00ebrhapjes n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet zhvendosjes s\u00eb bujq\u00ebve dhe e p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb njohuris\u00eb dhe mjeteve t\u00eb bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Periudha e fundit akullnajore filloi n\u00eb Europ\u00eb 25000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe vazhdoi deri 13000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. Nga gjetjet arkeologjike njehsohet se ringulmimi njer\u00ebzor n\u00eb Europ\u00eb filloi pik\u00ebrisht 13000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe u p\u00ebrhap me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi prej 0.5-2 km\/vit, gj\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb fakt ishte sa shpejt\u00ebsia e t\u00ebrheqjes s\u00eb akujve. Populli q\u00eb i ngjason m\u00eb shum\u00eb Europian\u00ebve t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs Paleolotike dhe Mesolitike (m\u00eb t\u00eb hersh\u00ebm se ajo Neolitike) \u00ebsht\u00eb populli Bask. Studimet gjenetike e pohojn\u00eb origjin\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb st\u00ebrlasht\u00eb. Bask\u00ebt flasin nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht ndryshe nga gjuh\u00ebt e Europian\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb (ngjashm\u00ebria me Shqipen e v\u00ebrejtur 200 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb \u2013 sh\u00ebnimi im).<\/p>\n

Studimet gjenetike treguan se popullsia Baske ngjason me Hunzak\u00ebt q\u00eb banojn\u00eb n\u00eb lugin\u00ebn e Hund\u00ebz\u00ebs (ku takohen Afganistani, Pakistani dhe Kina – sh\u00ebnimi im) dhe flasin gjuh\u00ebn Burrushaski. Paralel me k\u00ebt\u00eb fakt jan\u00eb edhe gjetjet e mumjeve 3800 vje\u00e7are n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebt perendimore t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb Rrug\u00ebs s\u00eb M\u00ebndafshit dhe q\u00eb gjenetikisht dhe sipas veshjeve \u00ebsht\u00eb provuar t\u00eb jen\u00eb me origjin\u00eb Europiane. Mendohet se mumjet iu p\u00ebrkasin popullit Tokarjan (Tok\u00eb-are-jan\u00eb \u2013 sh\u00ebnimi im), gjuha Euro-Indiane e t\u00eb cilit mendohet e zhdukur tashm\u00eb por me disa shkrime t\u00eb ruajtura n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkrim t\u00eb lasht\u00eb Indian.<\/p>\n

Disa gjuh\u00ebtar\u00eb mendojn\u00eb se gjuha prind\u00ebrore nga e cila ka lindur nj\u00eb familje gjuh\u00ebsh duhet t\u00eb rind\u00ebrtohet me synimin q\u00eb t\u00eb shpreh\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhje gjenetike midis familjeve. Megjithat\u00eb, metodat e deritanishme gjuh\u00ebsore nuk kan\u00eb arritur t\u00eb japin nj\u00eb pem\u00eb t\u00eb vetme p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs. Gjuha \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb krijim njer\u00ebzor q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet edhe n\u00eb kultur\u00eb edhe n\u00eb biologji, sepse ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim i p\u00ebrzgjedhjes natyrore q\u00eb ndikoi mbi nd\u00ebrtimin (anatomin\u00eb) dhe pun\u00ebn e sistemeve t\u00eb brendshme (fiziologjin\u00eb) t\u00eb trupit t\u00eb njeriut.<\/p>\n

Pra, nd\u00ebrsa vet\u00eb gjuha \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb krijim kulturor, ajo n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb k\u00ebrkon themele t\u00eb sakta trupnd\u00ebrtuese dhe nervore. Prandaj edhe njer\u00ebzit ndryshojn\u00eb prej kafsh\u00ebve pik\u00ebrisht prej kultur\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb pasur dhe t\u00eb regjistruar. Kultura, ose e th\u00ebn\u00eb ndryshe aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar nga p\u00ebrvoja e t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ndodhi e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb e natyr\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore q\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet nga shkalla e njohuris\u00eb. Prandaj tej\u00e7imi i kultur\u00ebs kalon n\u00ebp\u00ebr dy hapa t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm: s\u00eb pari ajo duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet e njohur q\u00eb m\u00ebpastaj t\u00eb pranohet. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb Romak\u00ebt nd\u00ebrtuan t\u00eb par\u00ebn kultur\u00eb politikisht t\u00eb bashkuar, ndon\u00ebse ajo m\u00eb von\u00eb ajo u shkel nga pushtuesit barbar\u00eb q\u00eb vinin nga Lindja.<\/p>\n

Krahasimi i familjeve gjuh\u00ebsore n\u00eb bot\u00eb me pem\u00ebn gjenetike bot\u00ebrore tregoi se ato p\u00ebrputhen shum\u00eb mir\u00eb. Madje familjet gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhura shpesh drejtohen tek nj\u00eb baz\u00eb e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt gjenetike dhe popullore. Kjo shihet n\u00eb Figur\u00ebn 1 (e ruajtur si n\u00eb origjinalin Anglisht), e cila p\u00ebrmban 38 popullata dhe 16 familje t\u00eb m\u00ebdha gjuh\u00ebsore. Menj\u00ebher\u00eb v\u00ebrehet se popullatat fqinje n\u00eb pem\u00ebn gjenetike zakonisht flasin gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs familje. Ky fakt ndihmon q\u00eb t\u00eb nxirret n\u00ebp\u00ebmjet pem\u00ebs gjenetike data e p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt e origjin\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb familje gjuh\u00ebsore. K\u00ebshtu, shumica e familjeve gjuh\u00ebsore duken se jan\u00eb zhvilluar 6000-25000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. Popullatat e p\u00ebrzjera gjenetikisht priren t\u00eb ruajn\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb nga dy gjuh\u00ebt origjinale dhe, ndon\u00ebse ka huazime fjal\u00ebsh nga gjuha tjet\u00ebr, ato q\u00eb ruhen jan\u00eb format, q\u00ebllimet dhe renditjet e fjal\u00ebve tek shprehjet dhe fjalit\u00eb (gramatika).<\/p>\n

Ngjashm\u00ebria nd\u00ebrmjet zhvillimit biologjik dhe atij gjuh\u00ebsor q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se ato pasqyrojn\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn histori t\u00eb popullatave q\u00eb ndahen apo zhvillohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur. Gjenet ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb m\u00ebnyre tek aft\u00ebsa p\u00ebr t\u00eb folur nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, por nga ana tjet\u00ebr larg\u00ebsia gjuh\u00ebsore e zvog\u00eblon mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e shk\u00ebmbimeve gjenetike nd\u00ebrmjet popullatave t\u00eb tilla. Zhvillimi gjuh\u00ebsor \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb i zhvillimit kulturor, ku shpejt\u00ebsia e mundshme p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe se ajo p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gjen. Shembull p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ndikimi q\u00eb sjellin dyndjet dhe p\u00ebrzjerjet e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb popujve. Bie fjala, gjuha Hungareze \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrethuar nga gjuh\u00eb Euro-Indiane, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjuhe Uralike. Ar\u00ebsyeja p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb dyndja n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit IX e Magjar\u00ebve Uralik\u00eb dhe mbret\u00ebrimi i m\u00ebpastajsh\u00ebm i tyre n\u00eb Hungarin\u00eb e sotme. Por meqen\u00ebse ato p\u00ebrb\u00ebnin at\u00ebhere 30% t\u00eb popullat\u00ebs, tani rreth 10% e gjeneve n\u00eb Hungari ngjason me gjenet Uralik\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Shembujt e z\u00ebv\u00ebnd\u00ebsimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb kufizuara vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Europ\u00eb, historia e shkruar e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e hershme. K\u00ebshtu bie fjala, pushtimet Arjane (Ar\u00eb-jan\u00eb – sh\u00ebnimi im) 4000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb Persis\u00eb, Pakistanit dhe Indis\u00eb p\u00ebrcoll\u00ebn gjuh\u00ebt Euro-Indiane n\u00eb hap\u00ebsirat ku fliteshin gjuh\u00ebt e familjes Dravidian. Suksesi dhe mizoria e luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Arjan\u00ebve ndaj vendasve n\u00eb Indi \u00ebsht\u00eb treguar e gjall\u00eb n\u00eb epik\u00ebn e madhe historike t\u00eb Indis\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur Mahabharata, origjinali i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs qe shkruajtur n\u00eb Sanskrit. Z\u00ebv\u00ebnd\u00ebsimi t\u00ebr\u00ebsor i nj\u00eb gjuhe me nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ndodh m\u00eb me leht\u00ebsi n\u00eb prani t\u00eb shtypjes poltike t\u00eb organizatave t\u00eb forta t\u00eb t\u00eb sapoardhurve, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb rasti me Amerikat. Megjithat\u00eb, ka raste q\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb folura n\u00eb vend\u00eb fqinje mund t\u00eb mbesin pothuaj t\u00eb pandikuara p\u00ebr mijra vjet edhe sikur gjenet e fqinj\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre p\u00ebsojn\u00eb ndryshime t\u00eb pjes\u00ebshme ose madhore.<\/p>\n

Familja Euro-Indiane e gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e studiuara, ndon\u00ebse p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb caktuar vendodhjen fillestare t\u00eb saj kan\u00eb \u00e7uar n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundime mjaft t\u00eb ndryshme. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se p\u00ebrhapja e gjuh\u00ebve Euro- Indiane p\u00ebrputhet me fillimin e p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb 9\u2019500-10\u2019000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. Duke u nisur nga metoda dhe n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn pem\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb 63 gjuh\u00ebve Euro-Indiane, e cila paraqitet n\u00eb Figur\u00ebn 2 ku boshti i posht\u00ebm tregon vitet. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb shihet se gjuha Shqipe \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e vjetra dhe i p\u00ebrket koh\u00ebs s\u00eb fillimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb. (Sqarohet lexuesi se ar-b\u00ebr\u00ebs = ar-banas = arb\u00ebresh \u00ebsht\u00eb emri i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i bujq\u00ebve q\u00eb diskutohen nga shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt joshqiptar\u00eb. Rrjedhimisht dhe leht\u00ebsisht kuptohet se \u00e7far gjuhe kan\u00eb folur ato bujq t\u00eb st\u00ebrlasht\u00eb dhe ato para e pas tyre. \u2013 sh\u00ebnimi im).<\/p>\n

Figura 2<\/em> edhe nj\u00eb her\u00eb ripohon lidhjen q\u00eb egziston nd\u00ebrmjet biologjis\u00eb dhe gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb. Biles \u00c7arls Darvini n\u00eb librin e tij Origjina e Llojeve pat shprehur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb kthjell\u00ebt se n\u00eb qoft\u00eb se dihej pema biologjike e prejardhjes s\u00eb grupeve njer\u00ebzore, at\u00ebhere mund t\u00eb nxirrej pema p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse gjuh\u00ebsore. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje e till\u00eb nuk u b\u00eb deri n\u00eb vitin 1988, kur Prof. Luigji dhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb v\u00ebrtetuan lidhjen q\u00eb egziston nd\u00ebrmjet gjeneve, popujve dhe gjuh\u00ebve vet\u00ebm pasi ato nd\u00ebrlidh\u00ebn t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat bot\u00ebrore t\u00eb grumbulluara n\u00eb gjenetik\u00eb, arkeologji dhe gjuh\u00ebsi. Pik\u00ebrisht mozaiku gjenetiko-gjuh\u00ebsor i zbuluar shpreh qart\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimet dhe pasojat e zgjerimeve t\u00eb shumta q\u00eb kan\u00eb ndodhur n\u00eb historin\u00eb njer\u00ebzore.<\/p>\n

Edhe pse huazimi i fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb huaja egziston, sidomos nga fqinj\u00ebt, studimet dhe pem\u00ebt gjuh\u00ebsore tregojn\u00eb se nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb ndryshon n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur nga ndryshimet q\u00eb ndodhin n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt e tjera. Ndryshueshm\u00ebria n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb v\u00ebrehet s\u00eb pari n\u00eb ndryshueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb ting\u00ebllore dhe pohimi m\u00eb i mir\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb fakti q\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do vend Europian, por edhe n\u00eb SHBA, egzistojn\u00eb dallime n\u00eb m\u00ebnyrat e shqiptimit dhe theksimit t\u00eb fjal\u00ebve (dialektet) midis Veriu dhe Jugut, Per\u00ebndimit dhe Lindjes. Ndryshueshm\u00ebria v\u00ebrehet gjithashtu edhe n\u00eb pasurin\u00eb apo munges\u00ebn e tingujve si dhe n\u00eb egzistenc\u00ebn e fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta po me kuptime t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n

Studimet shkencore n\u00eb lidhje me dialektet treguan se nuk ka dy fjal\u00eb dialektore q\u00eb t\u2019i ken\u00eb kufinjt\u00eb e shtrirjes t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e shohin zhvillimin gjuh\u00ebsor si nj\u00eb shembull t\u00eb zhvillimit kulturor, prandaj ndon\u00ebse studimi i zhvillimit gjuh\u00ebsor filloi n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XIX, p\u00ebr to ka akoma shum\u00eb pun\u00eb studimore p\u00ebr t\u2019u b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb drejtim. (Shpirti i Arb\u00ebrit rron! – sh\u00ebnimi im).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Saimir Lolja Shkrimi i m\u00ebposht\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb nga libri i shkruar nga Profesor Luigji Luka Kavalli-Sforca, i titulluar: Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples and Languages, North Point Press, New York, 2000. Profesor Luigji \u00ebsht\u00eb i lindur n\u00eb Gjenov\u00eb m\u00eb 1922 dhe ka qen\u00eb professor n\u00eb Kembrixh, Parma, Pavia dhe tani \u00ebsht\u00eb Profesor i Merituar i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nGJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sq_AL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Saimir Lolja Shkrimi i m\u00ebposht\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb nga libri i shkruar nga Profesor Luigji Luka Kavalli-Sforca, i titulluar: Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples and Languages, North Point Press, New York, 2000. Profesor Luigji \u00ebsht\u00eb i lindur n\u00eb Gjenov\u00eb m\u00eb 1922 dhe ka qen\u00eb professor n\u00eb Kembrixh, Parma, Pavia dhe tani \u00ebsht\u00eb Profesor i Merituar i […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/person\/3aa1163ef05469c496fc94e77611ada2\"},\"headline\":\"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/\"},\"wordCount\":2522,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Artikuj\"],\"inLanguage\":\"sq-AL\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/\",\"name\":\"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"sq-AL\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sq-AL\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/\",\"name\":\"FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi\",\"description\":\"Arkivi 2009-2015\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"sq-AL\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#organization\",\"name\":\"FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sq-AL\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"\",\"contentUrl\":\"\",\"caption\":\"FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/person\/3aa1163ef05469c496fc94e77611ada2\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sq-AL\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/arben_cokaj-120x150.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/arben_cokaj-120x150.jpg\",\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"description\":\"Admin, Fjala e Lir\u00eb\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/author\/admin\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/","og_locale":"sq_AL","og_type":"article","og_title":"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi","og_description":"Saimir Lolja Shkrimi i m\u00ebposht\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb nga libri i shkruar nga Profesor Luigji Luka Kavalli-Sforca, i titulluar: Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples and Languages, North Point Press, New York, 2000. Profesor Luigji \u00ebsht\u00eb i lindur n\u00eb Gjenov\u00eb m\u00eb 1922 dhe ka qen\u00eb professor n\u00eb Kembrixh, Parma, Pavia dhe tani \u00ebsht\u00eb Profesor i Merituar i […]","og_url":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/","og_site_name":"FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi","article_published_time":"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"13 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/person\/3aa1163ef05469c496fc94e77611ada2"},"headline":"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT","datePublished":"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00","dateModified":"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/"},"wordCount":2522,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg","articleSection":["Artikuj"],"inLanguage":"sq-AL","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/","url":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/","name":"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg","datePublished":"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00","dateModified":"2013-06-16T12:46:11+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"sq-AL","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sq-AL","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/2013\/gjenet_popujt_dhe_gjuhet_fig1.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/gjenet-popujt-dhe-gjuhet\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"GJENET, POPUJT DHE GJUH\u00cbT"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#website","url":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/","name":"FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi","description":"Arkivi 2009-2015","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"sq-AL"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#organization","name":"FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi","url":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sq-AL","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"","contentUrl":"","caption":"FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/person\/3aa1163ef05469c496fc94e77611ada2","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sq-AL","@id":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/arben_cokaj-120x150.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/arben_cokaj-120x150.jpg","caption":"admin"},"description":"Admin, Fjala e Lir\u00eb","sameAs":["https:\/\/fjala.info\/"],"url":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12845"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12845"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12845\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12845"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12845"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}