{"id":12693,"date":"2013-05-09T21:42:30","date_gmt":"2013-05-09T20:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=2369"},"modified":"2013-05-09T21:42:30","modified_gmt":"2013-05-09T20:42:30","slug":"historiku-i-esese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/historiku-i-esese\/","title":{"rendered":"HISTORIKU I ESES\u00cb"},"content":{"rendered":"

I. P\u00ebrkufzimi i eses\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eseja \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb krijim letrar q\u00eb i kushtohet paraqitjes s\u00eb ideve vetjake t\u00eb autorit p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, nj\u00eb aspekti t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb teme q\u00eb merret p\u00ebr shtjellim. Shpesh, e shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb q\u00ebllime dhe informale n\u00eb stil, eseja dallohet nga forma t\u00eb tilla formale si teza, disertacioni, apo traktati dhe mbetet si nj\u00eb zhan\u00ebr apo lloj i nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebm i artit t\u00eb t\u00eb shkruarit, nj\u00eb lloj centauri letrar, ku autorit i lejohet t\u00eb citoj\u00eb dhe t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i cituesh\u00ebm, t\u00eb gdhend\u00eb stilin vetjak dhe t\u2019i vij\u00eb an\u00ebsh stilit t\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve, t\u00eb l\u00ebshoj\u00eb fantazin\u00eb krijuese dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht t\u00eb mos ia lejoj\u00eb vetes t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb proz\u00eb fiction. Shkurt eseja \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb zhan\u00ebr i \u00e7lir\u00eb q\u00eb burgos autorin.<\/p>\n

II. Zanafilla e form\u00ebs s\u00eb eses\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht llojeve t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb veprat e shkrimtar\u00ebve latin\u00eb si Ciceroni, Seneka dhe Plutarku, eseja n\u00eb thelb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shpikje e Rilindjes evropiane dhe sidomos e shkrimtarit francez Michel Eyquem de Montaigne. Zhvillimi i form\u00ebs mund t\u00eb quhet nj\u00eb prurje e emfaz\u00ebs s\u00eb Rilindjes p\u00ebr individualen, q\u00eb l\u00ebvron zbulimin e brend\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb vetvetes n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie me bot\u00ebn e jashtme. Eset\u00eb e Montaigne-it (si\u00e7 i quajti ai p\u00ebrsiatjet e shkurtra vetjake n\u00eb proz\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat filloi t\u2019i botonte n\u00eb vitin 1580) u krijuan n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e nj\u00eb riorientimi t\u00eb madh intelektual dhe shoq\u00ebror\u2013koha kur evropian\u00ebt po sistemonin bot\u00ebkuptimet e tyre dhe vlerat, duke respektuar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh \u00e7\u00ebshtjesh, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb vdekjen dhe mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e nj\u00eb jete t\u00eb p\u00ebrtejme, udh\u00ebtimin, eksplorimin dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet shoq\u00ebrore. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto mbeten temat kryesore t\u00eb eses\u00eb.<\/p>\n

III. Anonimiteti dhe pseudonimet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kur individualizmi i Rilindjes nisi t\u00eb per\u00ebndoj\u00eb, eseist\u00ebt krijuan shum\u00eb shpesh personazhe t\u00eb pav\u00ebrtet\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrdorur pseudonime, ose thjesht mbeten anonim\u00eb. Temat e tyre vijuan, megjithat\u00eb, t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoheshin nga pik\u00ebpamjet vetjake. Nj\u00eb pseudonim shpesh i bind lexuesit se ata kan\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt me eseistin. K\u00ebsisoj, jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr mbrojtjen e tij vetjake, por ndoshta edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie me lexuesit e tij, satiristi anglo-irlandez J. Swift e quajti veten \u201cTregtar p\u00eblhurash\u201d tek Letrat e tregtarit t\u00eb p\u00eblhurave (1724-1725). Gjithashtu ai pretendon t\u00eb jet\u00eb ekonomist tek Nj\u00eb propozim i p\u00ebrkor\u00eb (1729). T\u00eb dy veprat jan\u00eb komente tep\u00ebr provokuese p\u00ebr kushtet n\u00eb Irland\u00eb. Eset\u00eb e bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsve t\u00eb Swift-it, Joseph Addison dhe Sir Richard Steele ishin v\u00ebzhgime p\u00ebr sken\u00ebn shoq\u00ebrore e politike. Gazeta ku ato u botuan s\u00eb pari ato titullohej Spektatori (1711-1712).<\/p>\n

Charles Lamb, nj\u00eb nga mjeshtrat e m\u00ebdhenj anglez\u00eb t\u00eb form\u00ebs s\u00eb eses\u00eb, b\u00ebhet \u201cElia i sjellsh\u00ebm\u201d, duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb hua nga partneri i zyr\u00ebs, p\u00ebr t\u00eb firmosur eset\u00eb e veta. K\u00ebto reminishenca t\u00eb k\u00ebndshme u botuan n\u00eb dy koleksione, n\u00eb vitin 1823 dhe 1833. Duke i quajtur eset\u00eb e tij p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e Londr\u00ebs Skica t\u00eb Boz-it (1836)\u2013duke marr\u00eb hua pseudonimin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebllait,-shkrimtari anglez Charles Dickens vijoi tradit\u00ebn e hapur prej paraardh\u00ebsve. Novelisti anglez William Thackeray i firmoste shkrimet e veta Let\u00ebrk\u00ebmbimi i Yellowplush (1837-1838) me pseudonimin Michael Angelo Titmarsh, duke synuar t\u00eb jap\u00eb v\u00ebzhgimin social dhe letrar t\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebsori. Ndoshta, personazhi m\u00eb i mrekulluesh\u00ebm i rrem\u00eb ishte humoristi amerikan Samuel Langhorne Clemens (ose Mark Twain i m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm), kriticizmi social i t\u00eb cilit u shfaq n\u00eb ese t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb firmosura Rreshteri Fathom, Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass, Satan, ose W. Epaminondas Adrastus Blabb.<\/p>\n

IV. Stilet e ndryshme t\u00eb eses\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kritiku anglez i shek. XIX William Hazlitt njihet p\u00ebr stilin e tij t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer n\u00eb proz\u00eb dhe njohjen e gjer\u00eb t\u00eb artit, let\u00ebrsis\u00eb dhe filozofis\u00eb. Hazlitt-i mori pjes\u00eb n\u00eb shum\u00eb diskutime letrare t\u00eb dit\u00ebs dhe nuk ngurroi ta drejtonte fuqin\u00eb e tij shkrimore kund\u00ebr autor\u00ebve dhe kritik\u00ebve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nuk pajtoheshin me t\u00eb ose kritikonin pun\u00ebn e tij. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb aspekt, n\u00eb esen\u00eb e tij, \u201cNjeriu \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kafsh\u00eb zhabangr\u00ebn\u00ebse\u201d, Hazlitt-i u tall me prirjen njer\u00ebzore p\u00ebr t\u00eb admiruar pushtetin mbi vlerat e tjera.<\/p>\n

Ngaq\u00eb eseja \u00ebsht\u00eb e plot\u00eb dhe shpreh shqet\u00ebsime vetjake, stili i saj nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrcaktuar p\u00ebrfundimisht. Madje, ajo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar tek proza, si\u00e7 tregojn\u00eb poema Ese p\u00ebr kriticizmin (1711) dhe
\nEse p\u00ebr njeriun (1733), shkruar nga anglezi Alexander Pope. Eseja ka nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb zhd\u00ebrvjell\u00ebt e t\u00eb lirshme dhe mund t\u00eb zhvillohet sipas d\u00ebshir\u00ebs s\u00eb shkrimtarit. Ajo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb formale, si tek Ese, ose k\u00ebshilla civile e morale (1597-1625) e filozofit dhe statistit anglez Francis Bacon, ose rast\u00ebsisht bisedore, si tek \u201cP\u00ebr k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb e t\u00eb urryerit\u201d (1823) e kritikut anglez William Hazlitt. Ajo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb lirike, si tek Maine Woods (1864) e filozofit amerikan Henry David Thoreau, ose orakullare, si eseja e transhendentalistit amerikan, Ralph Waldo Emerson\u2013p\u00ebr shembull \u201cFati\u201d (1860).<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb ese mund t\u00eb marr\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb letre, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb komente tekanjoze p\u00ebr vlerat bashk\u00ebkohore, si n\u00eb veprat e shkrimtarit anglez Oliver Goldsmith (Qytetar i bot\u00ebs, 1762) dhe C. S. Lewis (Letra, 1942). Eksperimentues t\u00eb shquar bashk\u00ebkohor\u00eb p\u00ebr form\u00ebn e eses\u00eb jan\u00eb shkrimtari amerikan Norman Mailer, i cili zhvilloi nj\u00eb stil q\u00eb nd\u00ebrthur biografin\u00eb, dokumentet kinematike, historin\u00eb, gazetarin\u00eb, dhe fiksionin, si n\u00eb veprat Ushtrit\u00eb e nat\u00ebs (1968), p\u00ebrsiatje p\u00ebr protestat kund\u00ebr Luft\u00ebs n\u00eb Vietnam (1959-1975); dhe Tom Wolfe, eset\u00eb e t\u00eb cilit (shum\u00eb syresh t\u00eb mbledhura n\u00eb Dekadat e purpurta, 1982) jan\u00eb komente t\u00eb mprehta p\u00ebr tendencat amerikane bashk\u00ebkohore.<\/p>\n

V. Tradita evropiane<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eseja lul\u00ebzoi n\u00eb shum\u00eb gjuh\u00eb. Tradita franceze e p\u00ebruruar nga Montaigne begatoi n\u00eb shek. XX n\u00eb p\u00ebrsiatjet politike e sociale t\u00eb shkrimtar\u00ebve ekzistencialist\u00eb si Albert Camus (Rezistenc\u00eb, rebelim dhe vdekje, 1945) dhe Simone de Beauvoir (Seksi i dyt\u00eb, 1949). Novelisti gjerman Thomas Mann (\u00c7mimi Nobel, 1929) ishte gjithashtu eseisti m\u00eb pjellor, si\u00e7 tregon edhe p\u00ebrmbledhja Ese t\u00eb tri dekadave (1947). Gjithashtu, poeti indian Rabindranath Tagora vler\u00ebsohej shum\u00eb p\u00ebr eset\u00eb e tij lidhur me subjektet letrare, filozofike dhe fetare (p\u00ebr shembull, tek Nj\u00ebsia krijuese, 1922).<\/p>\n

Eseja u b\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht popullore n\u00eb Polonin\u00eb moderne, p\u00ebrmes vepr\u00ebs s\u00eb poetit Zbigniev Herbert dhe kritikut Jan Kott. Eseist\u00eb t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm rus\u00eb jan\u00eb Ivan Turgeniev (tek Skicat e nj\u00eb sportisti, 1852) dhe Aleksandr Solzhenicin, i cili, nj\u00eb shekull m\u00eb pas vijoi tradit\u00ebn e Turgenievit duke portretizuar me realiz\u00ebm padrejt\u00ebsit\u00eb shoq\u00ebrore. Sikund\u00ebr Mailer-i, Solzhenicini nd\u00ebrthuri rr\u00ebfimin me reportazhin, dhe ai e zgjeroi form\u00ebn e eses\u00eb deri n\u00eb p\u00ebrmasa monumentale tek Arkipelagu Gulag, 1918-1956: Nj\u00eb eksperiment n\u00eb hulumtimin letrar (tri v\u00ebllime, 1974-1978).<\/p>\n

VI. Zhvillimet e shek. XX<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shkrimet e autorit amerikan James Baldwin shpesh b\u00ebjn\u00eb fjal\u00eb mbi trazirat raciale n\u00eb SHBA gjat\u00eb shek. XX. Baldwin beson se problemi racial n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim simbolik me ngjyr\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ai drejtohet me tep\u00ebr nga \u201cfrik\u00ebrat vetjake dhe d\u00ebshirohet t\u00eb projektohet tek t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt\u201d. Ky fragment, i cili lidhet me forcimin e pushtetit t\u00eb dashuris\u00eb, vjen nga vepra e Baldwin-it \u201cZjarri her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr\u201d (1963), nj\u00eb padi p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb amerikane.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, pavar\u00ebsisht opinionit t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapur n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shek. XX, se eseja ka per\u00ebnduar ose ka pushuar s\u00eb shkruar dhe lexuari, forma e saj ka vijuar t\u00eb rritet, duke u ndryshuar nga koh\u00ebrat dhe vlerat. Si shtes\u00eb n\u00eb pun\u00ebn e shkrimtar\u00ebve modern\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendur m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, shembuj t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj forme mund t\u00eb gjenden n\u00eb reflektimet humoristike t\u00eb jet\u00ebs moderne t\u00eb shkruara nga amerikani E. B. White, nj\u00eb nga stilist\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm t\u00eb proz\u00ebs moderne. Nj\u00eb botim i zgjedhur i eseve t\u00eb tij u publikua n\u00eb vitin 1977. Ese t\u00eb shquara letrare jan\u00eb edhe ato t\u00eb novelistes angleze Virgina Woolf (Serit\u00eb e lexuesit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, 1925 dhe 1932) dhe t\u00eb E. M. Forster-it, dhe ato t\u00eb kritikut dhe tregimtarit anglez V. S Pritchett. Ese t\u00eb shquara jan\u00eb shkruar nga amerikan\u00eb sa t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm n\u00eb stil dhe n\u00eb rrekje aq dhe satirik\u00eb dhe kritik\u00eb si H. L. Mencken (Paragjykimet, gjasht\u00eb v\u00ebllime, 1919-1927), kritiku i filmit dhe let\u00ebrsis\u00eb James Agee (Le t\u00eb l\u00ebvdojm\u00eb njer\u00ebzit e shquar, 1941). Po ashtu e shkruan gjer von\u00eb me sukses k\u00ebt\u00eb gjini edhe mjeku Lewis Thomas (Jet\u00ebt e nj\u00eb qelize, 1974).<\/p>\n

Eseist\u00eb t\u00eb spikatur jan\u00eb gjithashtu edhe Susan Sontag (Kund\u00ebr interpretimit, 1966), Stephen Jay Gould (Q\u00eb prej koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Darvinit, 1977) dhe Calvin Trillin (Lirit\u00eb joqytetare, 1982).
\nM\u00eb tej, eseja \u00ebsht\u00eb mish\u00ebruar dhe ka gjetur shprehi n\u00eb mediumin e filmit. Te Histori luiziane (1948), nj\u00eb film dokumentar me regjisor Robert Flaherty, rr\u00ebfimtari i shikon ngjarjet n\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim ashtu sikurse fotografi dhe regjisori kuadratojn\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn ngjarje. Dokumentari duket i ndikuar nga zhvillimi n\u00eb televizion i konceptit p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u201cpamje periodike\u201d n\u00eb programe si \u201c60 minuta\u201d, \u201cAmerika\u201d, rr\u00ebfyer nga gazetari anglo-amerikan Alistair Cooke; dhe \u201cQytet\u00ebrimi\u201d i rr\u00ebfyer nga historiani anglez i artit S\u00ebr Kenneth Clark.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I. P\u00ebrkufzimi i eses\u00eb Eseja \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb krijim letrar q\u00eb i kushtohet paraqitjes s\u00eb ideve vetjake t\u00eb autorit p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, nj\u00eb aspekti t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb teme q\u00eb merret p\u00ebr shtjellim. Shpesh, e shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb q\u00ebllime dhe informale n\u00eb stil, eseja dallohet nga forma t\u00eb tilla formale si teza, disertacioni, apo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,7],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nHISTORIKU I ESES\u00cb - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fjala.info\/2009-2015\/historiku-i-esese\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sq_AL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"HISTORIKU I ESES\u00cb - FjALA e LIR\u00cb - Arkivi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"I. P\u00ebrkufzimi i eses\u00eb Eseja \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb krijim letrar q\u00eb i kushtohet paraqitjes s\u00eb ideve vetjake t\u00eb autorit p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, nj\u00eb aspekti t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb teme q\u00eb merret p\u00ebr shtjellim. 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